Robert Plutchik's: Psycho Evolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions

Robert Plutchik's PSYCHOEVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF BASIC EMOTIONS Postulates 1 ANIMALS AND HUMANS The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to all animals as well as humans. Basic Emotions, Similarity, Intensity 2 EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY Emotions have an e an evolutionary history and have evolved various forms of expression in different species. 3 SURVIVAL ISSUES • acceptance Emotions serve an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment. delight timidity tolerance serenity 4 PROTOTYPE PATTERNS trust apprehension cheerfulness Dispite different forms of expression of emotions in different species, there are certain common elements, or prototype patterns, that can be identified fear fright admiration dismay 5 BASIC EMOTIONS elation panic There is a small number of basic, primary or prototype terror emotions attentiveness extasy uncertainty COMBINATIONS expectancy amazement surprise All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; that is, they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions. anticipation vigilance astonishment distraction curiosity 7 HYPOTHETICAL CONSTRUCTS fury interest grief Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence. rage sorrow loathing anger 8 OPPOSITES sadness dejection revulsion hostility Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of polar opposites. disgust gloominess 9 SIMILARITY annoyance pensiveness All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to one another. aversion dislike 10 INTENSITY boredom Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of Intensity or levels of arousal. Combinations & Opposites Survival Issues „Organisms at all evolutionary levels face certain common functional survival problems." „A mixture of any two primary emotions may be called a dyad." [sometimes felt) (seldom felt) STIMULUS EVENT loften felt) COGNITE SUBJECTIVE REACTION BEHAVIORAL PRIMARY DYADS SECONDARY DYADS TERTIARY DYADS OPPOSITES APPRAISAL REACTION FUNCTION gain of valued object possess" retain or repeat tust joy gain resources love quilt delight conflict trust trust suprise disgust trust sadness member of one's group „friend" mutual support trust groom submission curiosity sentimentality conflict fear fear sadness fear fear threat „danger" fear escape safety urprse diagust alarm despair shame conflicr surprse sadness surprise cipaton unexpected event „what is it?" surprise gain time to orient surprise disqust surprise stop disappointment outrage conflict sadness anticienion loss of valued object „abandonment" sadness reattach to lost object Sadness disgust sadness cry remorse envy pessimism degust anticapatn unpalatable object disgust vomit disgust „poison" eject poison disgust contempt cynism morbidness obstacle attack destroy obstacle trust „enemy aggression pride dominance new territory „examine" nticipation map knowledge of territory optimism fatalism anxiety Scientific Basis Theories of Emotions: Psychoanalytic Theories Sandor Rado Paul Ekman J. A. R.A.M. van Hooff John Bowlby Paul D. Maclean Karl H. Pribram Charles Brenner H. R. Conte José M, R. Delgado -Brain Function Theories M. Sherman Stanley S. Schachter Magda B. Arnold Current Cognitive and Evolutionary Theories George Mandler Richard S. Lazarus Joseph De Rivera J.W. Papez Mantred Clynes Robert Leeper Carrol E. Izard J.R. Millenson Harold Schlosberg Paul T. Young Sylvan 5. Tomkins Marion A. Wenger -Early Behavioristic and Arousal Theories Edward C. Tolman Burrhus F. Skinner John B. Watson Major Traditions in the Study of Emotions Charles Darwin William James Walter B. Cannon Siegmund Freud Based on the Book EMOTION: A Psychoevolutionaty Synthesis by Robert Plutchik Harper & Row, Publishers 1980) Visualization by Markus Drews, University of Applied Soences Poudam, Germany February 2007 Supervised by Prof. Matthias Krohn