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Development of a Perched Aquifier

Potential development of a perched aquifer in shallow basalt flows on an UTAH VALLEY UVU extinct Pleistocene shield volcano, Tamaula, Guanajuato, Mexico K. Rey, C. Smith Barnes, M. Bunds, S. H. Emerman, Dept. of Earth Science, Utah Valley University UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND METHODS Tamaula, a village of approximately 400 residents in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico is located near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In May 2008 Utah Valley University in connection with CHOICE Humanitarian provided faculty and students the opportunity to combine science education and humanitarian work. The work included assessing water supply options for the village and collecting data on local springs to identify sources that meet the needs of the village. The long term goal is to develop a viable water system for Tamaula. Tamaula's population relies on three local sources for water; 1) six natural springs, 2) two reservoirs, and 3) rooftop catchment systems. These sources are insuffi- cient and additional water must be trucked over 10 miles of dirt roads. Three options exist to provide additional local water; 1) development of additional springs in a perched aquifer, 2) expansion of the catchment area of reservoirs, and 3) development of a deep well (250- 650m) to access the main water table. The viability of the perched aquifer as a water source was assessed by performing a bail-down test in which approxi- mately 2500 L was removed from one spring that had been developed into a shallow well. The dynamic water table height was observed over a period of nine days. Using the Bouwer-Rice slug test and assuming the depth of the aquifer equals the depth of the well, the hydraulic conductivity K of the aquifer was found to be K = 2.2x10 m/s, which is typical for shallow fractured basalt. Diagamatic view of generic perched aquifer and water table Location map of Mexico Oblique aerial view of volcano Shield Volcano Bailing water for bail-down test Ojo de Agua spring Aerial view of Tamaula Trucking in culinary water Hauling water from sur- face reservoir Diagram of shield volcano RESULTS CONCLUSION The refill graph shows an excellent linear fit indicating the aquifer is a relatively simple system. The recharge of the spring was equivalent to a yield of 120L/day. A drop in water level from a second spring 150m away indicates that all springs utilized by residents may be tapping the same perched aquifer so that further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's estimated culi- nary water need of 20L/person/day. Further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's esti- mated culinary water need. Due to political concerns the village does not want additional development of surface water, therefore, expanding the catchment area of the reservoirs is not an option. The deep well, proposed by the State Water Commission, appears to be the best option. In coopera- tion with CHOICE, UVU has had an ongoing relationship with this village since 1999 and will continue to assist the people of Tamaula in their effort to develop enough local water. Drop in Chuprosa Refill of Ojo De Agua 1200.00 Time (days) 1000.00 Flattened vesicles in fractured basalt 10 0.00 800.00 0.20 0.40 600.00 0.60 400.00 0.80 1.00 200.00 1.20 1.40 0.00 3 1.60 10 1.80 Time (days) 2.00 Fig. 1 Graph showing drop in water level over the course of the test Fig. 2 Graph showing refill over the course of the test Fractured basalt blocks near test well Tamaula residents Two professors finally doing some work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to Joel Bradford, Robert Johnson, Archie Craig, Connie Richardson, the students, fac- ulty and staff of UVU and CHOICE Humanitarian. Without their support and dedication this project could not have taken place. We also thank the villag- ers of Tamaula for their hospitality during our stay as well as the Mexican Geological Survey for their input and allowing us access to records. FUNDING U.S. Synthetics May Foundation Robert Johnson College of Science and Health, UVU Utah Geological Association REFERENCES Fetter, CW., Applied Hydrogeology New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Google Earth, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Google Maps, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Ojo de Agua Spring developed into well UVU volunteers Chuparosa Water level drop (in) Volume (L) Potential development of a perched aquifer in shallow basalt flows on an UTAH VALLEY UVU extinct Pleistocene shield volcano, Tamaula, Guanajuato, Mexico K. Rey, C. Smith Barnes, M. Bunds, S. H. Emerman, Dept. of Earth Science, Utah Valley University UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND МЕТНODS Tamaula, a village of approximately 400 residents in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico is located near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In May 2008 Utah Valley University in connection with CHOICE Humanitarian provided faculty and students the opportunity to combine science education and humanitarian work. The work included assessing water supply options for the village and collecting data on local springs to identify sources that meet the needs of the village. The long term goal is to develop a viable water system for Tamaula. Tamaula's population relies on three local sources for water; 1) six natural springs, 2) two reservoirs, and 3) rooftop catchment systems. These sources are insuffi- cient and additional water must be trucked over 10 miles of dirt roads. Three options exist to provide additional local water; 1) development of additional springs in a perched aquifer, 2) expansion of the catchment area of reservoirs, and 3) development of a deep well (250- 650m) to access the main water table. The viability of the perched aquifer as a water source was assessed by performing a bail-down test in which approxi- mately 2500 L was removed from one spring that had been developed into a shallow well. The dynamic water table height was observed over a period of nine days. Using the Bouwer-Rice slug test and assuming the depth of the aquifer equals the depth of the well, the hydraulic conductivity K of the aquifer was found to be K = 2.2x10 m/s, which is typical for shallow fractured basalt. Diagamatic view of generic perched aquifer and water table Location map of Mexico Oblique aerial view of volcano Shield Voloano Bailing water for bail-down test Ojo de Agua spring Aerial view of Tamaula Trucking in culinary water Hauling water from sur- face reservoir Diagram of shield volcano RESULTS CONCLUSION The refill graph shows an excellent linear fit indicating the aquifer is a relatively simple system. The recharge of the spring was equivalent to a yield of 120L/day. A drop in water level from a second spring 150m away indicates that all springs utilized by residents may be tapping the same perched aquifer so that further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's estimated culi- nary water need of 20L/person/day. Further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's esti- mated culinary water need. Due to political concerns the village does not want additional development of surface water, therefore, expanding the catchment area of the reservoirs is not an option. The deep well, proposed by the State Water Commission, appears to be the best option. In coopera- tion with CHOICE, UVU has had an ongoing relationship with this village since 1999 and will continue to assist the people of Tamaula in their effort to develop enough local water. Drop in Chuprosa Refill of Ojo De Agua 1200.00 Time (days) 1000.00 Flattened vesicles in fractured basalt 6 10 0.00 800.00 0.20 0.40 600.00 0.60 400.00 0.80 1.00 200.00 1.20 0.00 * 1.40 3 1.60 2 6 10 1.80 Time (days) 2.00 Fig. 1 Graph showing drop in water level over the course of the test Fig. 2 Graph showing refill over the course of the test Fractured basalt blocks near test well Tamaula residents Two professors finally doing some work.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to Joel Bradford, Robert Johnson, Archie Craig, Connie Richardson, the students, fac- FUNDING ulty and staff of UVU and CHOICE Humanitarian. Without their support and dedication this project could not have taken place. We also thank the villag- ers of Tamaula for their hospitality during our stay as well as the Mexican Geological Survey for their input and allowing us access to records. U.S. Synthetics May Foundation Robert Johnson College of Science and Health, UVU Utah Geological Association REFERENCES Fetter, CW., Applied Hydrogeolagy. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Google Earth, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Google Maps, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Ojo de Agua Spring developed into well UVU volunteers Chuparosa Water level drop (in) Volume (L) Potential development of a perched aquifer in shallow basalt flows on an UTAH VALLEY UVU extinct Pleistocene shield volcano, Tamaula, Guanajuato, Mexico K. Rey, C. Smith Barnes, M. Bunds, S. H. Emerman, Dept. of Earth Science, Utah Valley University UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND МЕТНODS Tamaula, a village of approximately 400 residents in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico is located near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In May 2008 Utah Valley University in connection with CHOICE Humanitarian provided faculty and students the opportunity to combine science education and humanitarian work. The work included assessing water supply options for the village and collecting data on local springs to identify sources that meet the needs of the village. The long term goal is to develop a viable water system for Tamaula. Tamaula's population relies on three local sources for water; 1) six natural springs, 2) two reservoirs, and 3) rooftop catchment systems. These sources are insuffi- cient and additional water must be trucked over 10 miles of dirt roads. Three options exist to provide additional local water; 1) development of additional springs in a perched aquifer, 2) expansion of the catchment area of reservoirs, and 3) development of a deep well (250- 650m) to access the main water table. The viability of the perched aquifer as a water source was assessed by performing a bail-down test in which approxi- mately 2500 L was removed from one spring that had been developed into a shallow well. The dynamic water table height was observed over a period of nine days. Using the Bouwer-Rice slug test and assuming the depth of the aquifer equals the depth of the well, the hydraulic conductivity K of the aquifer was found to be K = 2.2x10 m/s, which is typical for shallow fractured basalt. Diagamatic view of generic perched aquifer and water table Location map of Mexico Oblique aerial view of volcano Shield Voloano Bailing water for bail-down test Ojo de Agua spring Aerial view of Tamaula Trucking in culinary water Hauling water from sur- face reservoir Diagram of shield volcano RESULTS CONCLUSION The refill graph shows an excellent linear fit indicating the aquifer is a relatively simple system. The recharge of the spring was equivalent to a yield of 120L/day. A drop in water level from a second spring 150m away indicates that all springs utilized by residents may be tapping the same perched aquifer so that further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's estimated culi- nary water need of 20L/person/day. Further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's esti- mated culinary water need. Due to political concerns the village does not want additional development of surface water, therefore, expanding the catchment area of the reservoirs is not an option. The deep well, proposed by the State Water Commission, appears to be the best option. In coopera- tion with CHOICE, UVU has had an ongoing relationship with this village since 1999 and will continue to assist the people of Tamaula in their effort to develop enough local water. Drop in Chuprosa Refill of Ojo De Agua 1200.00 Time (days) 1000.00 Flattened vesicles in fractured basalt 6 10 0.00 800.00 0.20 0.40 600.00 0.60 400.00 0.80 1.00 200.00 1.20 0.00 * 1.40 3 1.60 2 6 10 1.80 Time (days) 2.00 Fig. 1 Graph showing drop in water level over the course of the test Fig. 2 Graph showing refill over the course of the test Fractured basalt blocks near test well Tamaula residents Two professors finally doing some work.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to Joel Bradford, Robert Johnson, Archie Craig, Connie Richardson, the students, fac- FUNDING ulty and staff of UVU and CHOICE Humanitarian. Without their support and dedication this project could not have taken place. We also thank the villag- ers of Tamaula for their hospitality during our stay as well as the Mexican Geological Survey for their input and allowing us access to records. U.S. Synthetics May Foundation Robert Johnson College of Science and Health, UVU Utah Geological Association REFERENCES Fetter, CW., Applied Hydrogeolagy. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Google Earth, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Google Maps, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Ojo de Agua Spring developed into well UVU volunteers Chuparosa Water level drop (in) Volume (L) Potential development of a perched aquifer in shallow basalt flows on an UTAH VALLEY UVU extinct Pleistocene shield volcano, Tamaula, Guanajuato, Mexico K. Rey, C. Smith Barnes, M. Bunds, S. H. Emerman, Dept. of Earth Science, Utah Valley University UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND МЕТНODS Tamaula, a village of approximately 400 residents in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico is located near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In May 2008 Utah Valley University in connection with CHOICE Humanitarian provided faculty and students the opportunity to combine science education and humanitarian work. The work included assessing water supply options for the village and collecting data on local springs to identify sources that meet the needs of the village. The long term goal is to develop a viable water system for Tamaula. Tamaula's population relies on three local sources for water; 1) six natural springs, 2) two reservoirs, and 3) rooftop catchment systems. These sources are insuffi- cient and additional water must be trucked over 10 miles of dirt roads. Three options exist to provide additional local water; 1) development of additional springs in a perched aquifer, 2) expansion of the catchment area of reservoirs, and 3) development of a deep well (250- 650m) to access the main water table. The viability of the perched aquifer as a water source was assessed by performing a bail-down test in which approxi- mately 2500 L was removed from one spring that had been developed into a shallow well. The dynamic water table height was observed over a period of nine days. Using the Bouwer-Rice slug test and assuming the depth of the aquifer equals the depth of the well, the hydraulic conductivity K of the aquifer was found to be K = 2.2x10 m/s, which is typical for shallow fractured basalt. Diagamatic view of generic perched aquifer and water table Location map of Mexico Oblique aerial view of volcano Shield Voloano Bailing water for bail-down test Ojo de Agua spring Aerial view of Tamaula Trucking in culinary water Hauling water from sur- face reservoir Diagram of shield volcano RESULTS CONCLUSION The refill graph shows an excellent linear fit indicating the aquifer is a relatively simple system. The recharge of the spring was equivalent to a yield of 120L/day. A drop in water level from a second spring 150m away indicates that all springs utilized by residents may be tapping the same perched aquifer so that further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's estimated culi- nary water need of 20L/person/day. Further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's esti- mated culinary water need. Due to political concerns the village does not want additional development of surface water, therefore, expanding the catchment area of the reservoirs is not an option. The deep well, proposed by the State Water Commission, appears to be the best option. In coopera- tion with CHOICE, UVU has had an ongoing relationship with this village since 1999 and will continue to assist the people of Tamaula in their effort to develop enough local water. Drop in Chuprosa Refill of Ojo De Agua 1200.00 Time (days) 1000.00 Flattened vesicles in fractured basalt 6 10 0.00 800.00 0.20 0.40 600.00 0.60 400.00 0.80 1.00 200.00 1.20 0.00 * 1.40 3 1.60 2 6 10 1.80 Time (days) 2.00 Fig. 1 Graph showing drop in water level over the course of the test Fig. 2 Graph showing refill over the course of the test Fractured basalt blocks near test well Tamaula residents Two professors finally doing some work.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to Joel Bradford, Robert Johnson, Archie Craig, Connie Richardson, the students, fac- FUNDING ulty and staff of UVU and CHOICE Humanitarian. Without their support and dedication this project could not have taken place. We also thank the villag- ers of Tamaula for their hospitality during our stay as well as the Mexican Geological Survey for their input and allowing us access to records. U.S. Synthetics May Foundation Robert Johnson College of Science and Health, UVU Utah Geological Association REFERENCES Fetter, CW., Applied Hydrogeolagy. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Google Earth, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Google Maps, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Ojo de Agua Spring developed into well UVU volunteers Chuparosa Water level drop (in) Volume (L) Potential development of a perched aquifer in shallow basalt flows on an UTAH VALLEY UVU extinct Pleistocene shield volcano, Tamaula, Guanajuato, Mexico K. Rey, C. Smith Barnes, M. Bunds, S. H. Emerman, Dept. of Earth Science, Utah Valley University UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND МЕТНODS Tamaula, a village of approximately 400 residents in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico is located near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In May 2008 Utah Valley University in connection with CHOICE Humanitarian provided faculty and students the opportunity to combine science education and humanitarian work. The work included assessing water supply options for the village and collecting data on local springs to identify sources that meet the needs of the village. The long term goal is to develop a viable water system for Tamaula. Tamaula's population relies on three local sources for water; 1) six natural springs, 2) two reservoirs, and 3) rooftop catchment systems. These sources are insuffi- cient and additional water must be trucked over 10 miles of dirt roads. Three options exist to provide additional local water; 1) development of additional springs in a perched aquifer, 2) expansion of the catchment area of reservoirs, and 3) development of a deep well (250- 650m) to access the main water table. The viability of the perched aquifer as a water source was assessed by performing a bail-down test in which approxi- mately 2500 L was removed from one spring that had been developed into a shallow well. The dynamic water table height was observed over a period of nine days. Using the Bouwer-Rice slug test and assuming the depth of the aquifer equals the depth of the well, the hydraulic conductivity K of the aquifer was found to be K = 2.2x10 m/s, which is typical for shallow fractured basalt. Diagamatic view of generic perched aquifer and water table Location map of Mexico Oblique aerial view of volcano Shield Voloano Bailing water for bail-down test Ojo de Agua spring Aerial view of Tamaula Trucking in culinary water Hauling water from sur- face reservoir Diagram of shield volcano RESULTS CONCLUSION The refill graph shows an excellent linear fit indicating the aquifer is a relatively simple system. The recharge of the spring was equivalent to a yield of 120L/day. A drop in water level from a second spring 150m away indicates that all springs utilized by residents may be tapping the same perched aquifer so that further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's estimated culi- nary water need of 20L/person/day. Further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's esti- mated culinary water need. Due to political concerns the village does not want additional development of surface water, therefore, expanding the catchment area of the reservoirs is not an option. The deep well, proposed by the State Water Commission, appears to be the best option. In coopera- tion with CHOICE, UVU has had an ongoing relationship with this village since 1999 and will continue to assist the people of Tamaula in their effort to develop enough local water. Drop in Chuprosa Refill of Ojo De Agua 1200.00 Time (days) 1000.00 Flattened vesicles in fractured basalt 6 10 0.00 800.00 0.20 0.40 600.00 0.60 400.00 0.80 1.00 200.00 1.20 0.00 * 1.40 3 1.60 2 6 10 1.80 Time (days) 2.00 Fig. 1 Graph showing drop in water level over the course of the test Fig. 2 Graph showing refill over the course of the test Fractured basalt blocks near test well Tamaula residents Two professors finally doing some work.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to Joel Bradford, Robert Johnson, Archie Craig, Connie Richardson, the students, fac- FUNDING ulty and staff of UVU and CHOICE Humanitarian. Without their support and dedication this project could not have taken place. We also thank the villag- ers of Tamaula for their hospitality during our stay as well as the Mexican Geological Survey for their input and allowing us access to records. U.S. Synthetics May Foundation Robert Johnson College of Science and Health, UVU Utah Geological Association REFERENCES Fetter, CW., Applied Hydrogeolagy. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Google Earth, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Google Maps, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Ojo de Agua Spring developed into well UVU volunteers Chuparosa Water level drop (in) Volume (L) Potential development of a perched aquifer in shallow basalt flows on an UTAH VALLEY UVU extinct Pleistocene shield volcano, Tamaula, Guanajuato, Mexico K. Rey, C. Smith Barnes, M. Bunds, S. H. Emerman, Dept. of Earth Science, Utah Valley University UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND МЕТНODS Tamaula, a village of approximately 400 residents in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico is located near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano, in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. In May 2008 Utah Valley University in connection with CHOICE Humanitarian provided faculty and students the opportunity to combine science education and humanitarian work. The work included assessing water supply options for the village and collecting data on local springs to identify sources that meet the needs of the village. The long term goal is to develop a viable water system for Tamaula. Tamaula's population relies on three local sources for water; 1) six natural springs, 2) two reservoirs, and 3) rooftop catchment systems. These sources are insuffi- cient and additional water must be trucked over 10 miles of dirt roads. Three options exist to provide additional local water; 1) development of additional springs in a perched aquifer, 2) expansion of the catchment area of reservoirs, and 3) development of a deep well (250- 650m) to access the main water table. The viability of the perched aquifer as a water source was assessed by performing a bail-down test in which approxi- mately 2500 L was removed from one spring that had been developed into a shallow well. The dynamic water table height was observed over a period of nine days. Using the Bouwer-Rice slug test and assuming the depth of the aquifer equals the depth of the well, the hydraulic conductivity K of the aquifer was found to be K = 2.2x10 m/s, which is typical for shallow fractured basalt. Diagamatic view of generic perched aquifer and water table Location map of Mexico Oblique aerial view of volcano Shield Voloano Bailing water for bail-down test Ojo de Agua spring Aerial view of Tamaula Trucking in culinary water Hauling water from sur- face reservoir Diagram of shield volcano RESULTS CONCLUSION The refill graph shows an excellent linear fit indicating the aquifer is a relatively simple system. The recharge of the spring was equivalent to a yield of 120L/day. A drop in water level from a second spring 150m away indicates that all springs utilized by residents may be tapping the same perched aquifer so that further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's estimated culi- nary water need of 20L/person/day. Further development of the aquifer is unlikely to satisfy the village's esti- mated culinary water need. Due to political concerns the village does not want additional development of surface water, therefore, expanding the catchment area of the reservoirs is not an option. The deep well, proposed by the State Water Commission, appears to be the best option. In coopera- tion with CHOICE, UVU has had an ongoing relationship with this village since 1999 and will continue to assist the people of Tamaula in their effort to develop enough local water. Drop in Chuprosa Refill of Ojo De Agua 1200.00 Time (days) 1000.00 Flattened vesicles in fractured basalt 6 10 0.00 800.00 0.20 0.40 600.00 0.60 400.00 0.80 1.00 200.00 1.20 0.00 * 1.40 3 1.60 2 6 10 1.80 Time (days) 2.00 Fig. 1 Graph showing drop in water level over the course of the test Fig. 2 Graph showing refill over the course of the test Fractured basalt blocks near test well Tamaula residents Two professors finally doing some work.. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to Joel Bradford, Robert Johnson, Archie Craig, Connie Richardson, the students, fac- FUNDING ulty and staff of UVU and CHOICE Humanitarian. Without their support and dedication this project could not have taken place. We also thank the villag- ers of Tamaula for their hospitality during our stay as well as the Mexican Geological Survey for their input and allowing us access to records. U.S. Synthetics May Foundation Robert Johnson College of Science and Health, UVU Utah Geological Association REFERENCES Fetter, CW., Applied Hydrogeolagy. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001. Google Earth, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Google Maps, accessed Sept. 29, 2008 Ojo de Agua Spring developed into well UVU volunteers Chuparosa Water level drop (in) Volume (L)

Development of a Perched Aquifier

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This Infographic displays the process to develop a viable water system for a small Mexican Village near the top of a Pleistocene shield volcano.

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