Got Gas?

GOT GAS? The Pros and Cons of the Leading Alternative Fuels 1) HYDROGEN 2) ELECTRICITY 3) BIODIESEL 4) NATURAL GAS H H-C-0-H P. H 5) ETHANOL 6) METHANOL 7) PROPANE 8) P-SERIES FUELS 1HYDROGEN Hydrogen can be mixed with natural gas to create an alternative fuel for vehicles that use certain types of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen is also used in fuel-cell vehicles that run on electricity produced by the petrochemical reaction that occurs when hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the fuel "stack." Pros & Cons NO BAD EMISSIONS LACK OF FUELING INFRASTRUCTURE CAN BE MADE BY ELECTROLYSIS HIGH PRODUCTION COST CAN FUEL A MODIFIED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FUELING SYSTEM IS VERY FRAGILE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT ON EARTH VEHICLES ARE EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE CAN BE MADE BY ELECTROLYSIS NO VEHICLES CURRENTLY ON THE MARKET AVERAGE COST OF A STANDARD AUTOMOBILE: $40,000 AVERAGE COST OF A HYDROGEN-FUELED VEHICLE: $400,000 $0.60 = 1 m³ of H = 11.3 km BY THE NUMBERS 2)ELECTRICITY Fuel-cell vehicles run on electricity that is produced through an electrochemical reaction that occurs when hydrogen and oxygen are combined. Fuel cells produce electricity without combustion or pollution. Pros & Cons BATTERIES RECHARGED THROUGH STANDARD ELECTRICAL SOURCE SLOW RECHARGING TIMES HIGHLY EFFICIENT SHORT RANGE FROM A FULL CHARGE MUCH ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED FROM COAL/NATURAL GAS EXTENSIVE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS EXIST VEHICLES REQUIRE NO WARM-UP LEAVES A BAD CARBON FOOTPRINT RETOOLING NEEDED FOR BOTH CAR AND FUEL STATION INFRASTRUCTURE INEXPENSIVE REFUELING COSTS 200 RANGE FOR A FULLY-CHARGED, PURE ELECTRIC CAR: 160.9-193.1 KM $0.0124 / km BY THE NUMBERS 3'BIODIESEL Produced from vegetable oils or animal fats, even those recycled after restaurants have used them for cooking. Vehicle engines can be converted to burn biodiesel in its pure form, and biodiesel can also be blended with petroleum diesel and used in unmodified engines. Pros & Cons LIMITED PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION INFRASTRUCTURE BIODEGRADABLE PARTICULATE MATTER, CO, AND HYDROCARBONS IN EMISSIONS REDUCED YIELDS OF SOYBEAN AND CORN FLUCTUATE CAN TURN INTO WAXY SOLIDS IN THE COLD AND FAILS TO FLOW REDUCED EMISSIONS OVERALL SIMILAR BTU CONTENT AS PETRODIESEL COSTS MORE THAN PETRODIESEL IF SOY/CORN PRODUCERS RISE, THE COST OF BIODIESEL WILL FALL PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES STILL NEED TO BE RESOLVED PETRO BIO REDUCES CO EMISSIONS BY MORE THAN 75% OVER PETRODIESEL $0.26 / L more than petrodiesel BY THE NUMBERS 4°NATURAL GAS Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and. even a lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide. Pros & Cons PRODUCES FEWER HARMFUL EMISSIONS THAN PETROL OR DIESEL FUELS PRODUCES METHANE, A GREENHOUSE GAS WORSE FOR GLOBAL WARMING THAN CO2 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS PRODUCES LESS ENERGY AS PETROL REDUCES CO AND CO2 EMISSIONS SOME EXHAUST IS CLEANER THAN THE AIR IN SOME HIGHLY-POLLUTED AREAS IN FUEL CELLS, PRODUCE ELECTRICITY WITHOUT COMBUSTION OR POLLUTION POTENTIAL TO OPTIMIZE AN ENGINE'S THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY TANKS ARE LARGER, HEAVIER AND MORE EXPENSIVE ONLY ONE CNG-ONLY VEHICLE WIDELY AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS GETS 1/3 THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY AS PETROL 30-40% less CO2 than but methane is 21x worse than CO2 for global warming BY THE NUMBERS 5'ETHANOL Alchohol based alternative fuel that is made by fermenting and distilling crops such as corn, barley or wheat. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to increase octane levels and improve emissions quality. Pros & Cons NEGATIVE IMPACT ON FOOD PRICES AND AVAILABILITY PURE ETHANOL CAN'T GET AN ENGINE STARTED ON COLD DAYS IMPROVES EMISSIONS QUALITY MATERIALS ARE RENEWABLE POTENTIAL FOR PROVIDING MORE HORSEPOWER THAN PETROL CANNOT BE TRANSPORTED IN PIPELINES BURN MORE FOSSIL FUELS MAKING ETHA- NOL THAN YOU WOULD DRIVING PETROL HIGHER OCTANE RATING BURNS COOLER THAN PETROL PRODUCES PHOSPHOROUS AND SULFER ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL: 23.8 BILLION LITRES .ררר רח רוררחרחר רררררררררררחחח ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF PETROL: 757-1 BILLION LITRES 1.56 L E85 = 1 L petrol BY THE NUMBERS 6) METHANOL н-с-о-н H Methanol (wood alcohol) can be used as an alternative fuel in flexible fuel vehicles that are designed to run on M85, a blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasoline, but automakers are no longer manufacturing methanol-powered vehicles. Pros & Cons COULD BE AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN THE FUTURE METHANOL-POWERED VEHICLES ARE NO LONGER BEING MANUFACTURED POTENTIAL SOURCE OF HYDROGEN NEEDED IN FUEL-CELL VEHICLES EXTREMELY CORROSIVE WORSE FUEL ECONOMY THAN ETHANOL PRODUCTION RESULTS INA NET INCREASE OF cO2 LEVELS O = methanol-powered vehicle manufactuers %3D BY THE NUMBERS 7PROPANE Propane is a byproduct of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. Pros & Cons PRODUCES METHANE, A GREENHOUSE GAS WORSE FOR GLOBAL WARMING THAN Co2 FEWER EMISSIONS THAN PETROL DEVELOPED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION produces methane, a gas 21x worse than CO2 for global warming BY THE NUMBERS O 8)p-SERIES FUELS P P-Series fuels are a blend of ethanol, natural gas liquids and methyltetrahydrofuran (METHF)-a co-solvent derived from biomass: Pros & Cons MANUFACTURERS ARE NOT MAKING FLEXIBLE FUEL VEHICLES A HIGH-OCTANE FUEL CAN BURN ALONE OR BE MIXED WITH PETROL HIGHER COMPRESSION THAN PETROL GREATER EFFICIENCY THAN PETROL O = flexible fuel vehicle manufactuers %3D BY THE NUMBERS Budget Direct SOURCES http://environment.about.com/od/fossilfuels/tp/top_alt_fuels.htm http://cleantechnica.com/2012/03/08/top-eight-alternative-fuels/ http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/alternative-fuel/news/2690341 http://www.carsdirect.com/green-cars/pros-and-cons-of-alternative-fuel-cars http://www.thebeefsite.com/articles/1323/ethanol-byproducts-a-good-feed-additive simply smarter insurance P.