What is a Fluorophore

WHAT IS A FLUOROPHORE? A look at organic molecules helping research scientists shine light on tiniest parts of the body How do scientists take a look at building blocks of life? They light it up! THE FLUOROPHORE An organic molecule, functioning as an innovative micro-paint, assisting in everything from DNA research to cancer detection. Texas Christian University physics professor Zygmunt "Karol" Gryczynski breaks down how fluorophores are being used to light the way towards solving some of the 21st century's smallest mysteries. NATURE'S LIGHT Fluorophores are organic molecules that can absorb light of one color and re-emit light of a different color. These molecules can be found throughout nature and can easily be synthetized in a lab. A well-known fluorophore is chlorophyll, the light-harvesting substance that gives plant leaves their green color. Another gives jellyfish a bright hue. Cell Membrane Nucleus Mitochondria These fluorescent dyes attach to the smallest parts of cells and illuminate their components such as the nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria or individual proteins. DNA MAPPERS H,N NH, N. 'N. N. Н N. Н H,C. NH NH N. Н Н Fluorescence technology can detect fluorophores, used as dyes, to view the smallest parts of living things, including the human genome. This is essential in determining DNA sequences in living things. The fluorophores can be inserted between specific base pairs of DNA and "light up" microscopic sequences, so they can be mapped and analyzed. Using modern computer sequencing technology, Gryczynski said that almost all gene sequences can be mapped with a limited number of fluorescent dyes. DISEASE DETECTORS Much like they illuminate parts of DNA, fluorophores can attach and react to proteins, serving as markers for certain diseases. "Different proteins are also produced when you have certain types of cancer," said Gryczynski. Isolating these protiens can lead to more accurate detection than standard methods, which might not be able to detect these precursors. "The level of these markers is really low and fluorescence reveal extremely low concentrations at the molecular level." BROUGHT TO YOU BY CS TRIBUNE CONTENT SOLUTIONS