Shadow Education: Booming Private Tutoring Industry in Asia

Shadow Education ADB Asian Development Bank Booming Private Tutoring Industry in Asia FIGHTING POVERTY IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC HTTP://WWw.ADB.ORG In all parts of Asia, households devote considerable expenditures to private supplementary tutoring. This tutoring may contribute to students' achievement, but it also maintains and exacerbates social inequalities, diverts resources from other uses, and can contribute to inefficiencies in education systems. Such tutoring is widely called shadow education, because it mimics school systems. Enrollment Rate of Private Tutoring Popular Subjects Bangladesh Secondary School China, People's Republic of Primary Lower Secondary Hong Kong, China Upper Primary India Grade 10 68.4% MATHEMATICS SCIENCE 73.8% 65.6% FOREIGN LANGUAGE NATIONAL LANGUAGE HISTORY 72.5% ARTS 58.8% Japan Junior Secondary Korea, Republic of Junior Secondary Nepal Grade 10 Pakistan Rural households Mode 65.2% One-on-One Online 87.9% 68% 14,3% Group Tutoring Cram/Mega School Philippines Grade 10 46.5% Costs Private Tutor Spending Compared to Government Spending on Education Household Spending/Market Size (in uS$) 25% 12 billion 6.4 billion 680 million 255 million 80% 34% Korea, Republic of Georgia West Bengal, India Japan India Singapore Hong Kong. China Average Private Tutor Spending in India's Urban Centers (2007/ž008) Proportions of Children Aged 3-16 Receiving Private Tutoring Primary Middle-school Secondary Rural India Rural Pakistan 18.1 68.9 rupees 5.5 287 rupees 9.6 233 rupees poorest 70.4 rupees 21.1 72.8 rupees 25,2 75.5 rupees 31.8 90,2 rupees 20 241 rupees 19.9 292 rupees 352 rupees 14 328 286 730 547 rupees rupees 1,929 1,631 rupees rupees rúpeés rupees richest 27.6 monthly spending per child Implication for Policy Makers Shadow education now has spread throughout the region, and it has far-reaching economic and social implications. Policy attention is particularly urgent, because the authorities have opportunities to steer the shadow education system before it assumes too many undesirable features and encourages vested interests, which later become obstacles to reform. Ar Securing data and monitoring trends Changing curriculum A Reforming assessment and selection system Harnessing technology Source: Bray, M., & Lykins, C. (2012). "Shadow education: Private supplementary tutoring and its implications for policy makers in Asia". Asian Development Bank.