Everything You Wanted To Know About Video

Everything You Wanted To Know About Video CÔNNER PROD UCTIONS Simplified Why use compression? Completely uncompressed HD1080P video would run at over 400GB/hour, which is way to0 big to broadcast, burn to DVD or do just about anything with. As explained in this Infographic/ Cheatsheet, compression is the art of having the best quality at the smallest file size. Codecs & Formats Codecs Compressor/Decompressor A Codec is a piece of software that reduces In reality, one codec doesn't compress and the file size of a video. It encodes the video decompress: one encoder encodes the into a specific format, for it to be played on many devices. video into a certain format, while another decoder plugin decodes it to be viewed. Video A "language" spoken by codecs. An encoder just has to produce a video that follows the rules of the language (the format) so that a decoder can read the video. Formats Original Video Decoder Encoder Video File How An Encoder Works Encoded Video Encoder Video & Audio Encoder Audio Metadata Container Such as Navigational Info, Camera Fits everything into one file Info etc { } The encoder used determines Video Format (e.g: The x264 encoder creates H.264 video) Example: Recommended Encoder: MP4 Container H.264 video (encoded with x264) Other stuff, like navigation Handbrake • Encoded Audio (e.g: aac) So What Should I use? For Editing For Online You Tube Use the ProRes format, Final Cut Pro can automatically do this for Use the H.264 format with the MP4 Container. you b BluRay Smart Phones Bluray Disc We recommend H.264, however also work. For audio, use Dolby Digital or Use H.264 G-2 will DTS. Popular Containers AVI AVI is still common, but is old and doesn't support H.264. We don't recommend it. MOV MOV was developed by Apple and is popular, supporting lots of video formats. MP4 was developed by the Moving Pictures Experts Group, and is popular for sharing on the web MP4 AVCHD Developed for HD consumer video cameras. Open source, extremely flexible. Can contain virtually every video and audio format. It can hold a full DVD in one file. MKV Popular Formats H.264 is extremely popular in H.264 cameras and on the web. It's highly recommended for export. It's also extremely scalable from low to high bit rates. H.264 MPEG-AAVC ProRes ProRes is used by Apple for editing. Not recommended for sharing. ProRes MPEG-2 Common in cameras, DVD's and over air broadcast. Will work on, but not recommended for Compression format used by XOCAM. Bluray. MPEG2 Popular Audio Formats Lossy: Certain information is lost during the encoding process Lossless: No information is lost during the encoding process Dolby TrueHD DO DOLBY. TRUEHD Used for BluRay DVD's. It supports up to 8 channels along with 100% lossless audio. Dolby Surround EX E DO DOLBY DIGITAL SURROUND EX "Adds a new dimension to the Dolby Digital 5.1" with a discrete or matrixed extra 7th channel creating 6.1 or 7.1 channel output. Often sounds better than Dolby DTS Digital, however takes up more dts space. A DTS Capable DVD player is needed to view it. HD- Master Audio тM ditsHD Supports almost unlimited number of Master Audio surround sound channels. Can vary in bit rate from lossy to lossless. dtsHD HD- High Resolution Audio High Definition Audio Delivers up to 7.1 channels of sound. Optional Audio format for Blueray. AAC Very popular, lossy, however still sounds great and is widely supported. AIFF Co-developed by Apple. Uncompressed and Lossless, however it results in a larger file (PCM Format) size. Widely supported, normally uncompressed but can also be compressed. High quality, but large file size. WAV (PCM Format) AC-3 Developed by Dolby Digital. Supports 5.1 surround sound for DVD's, PC's, Games, Broadcast and more. CÜNNER PRODUCTONS Frame Rates Frame Rate: The amount of frames (like individual pictures) per one second of video. Common frame rates are 24fps, (Frames Per Second) 30fps and 60fps. Interlaced vs Progressive Interlaced First Field Second Field Interlaced Frame Example With Interlaced, each update only updates half the frame, so you never see an entire frame. What you really see is half a picture mixed with the other half taken the update after It. Progressive Frame Example Progressive Displays a full frame at a time. Since Progressive contains complete frames, it has less artifacts, such as the horizontal lines in the interlaced example above. However, interlaced at 60i for example (60fps) can be smoother with less "jitter." NTSC vs PAL NTSC is used in North America, while PAL is dominant throughout Europe. Generally, NTSC uses 30fps and 60fps, while PAL uses 25fps and 50fps. NTSC uses 525 lines (horizontal pixel rows) and PAL uses 625 lines. O NTSC O SECAM O PAL or PAL/SECAM 24P Progressive, 24 FPS Used for films, along with trying to immitate film look on non-film cameras Good for transfering to film without frame rate conversions Fast panning (not moving the camera slow eneough when filming) can cause stuttering. It's actually 23.976 FPS when viewed on NTSC and 25 FPS when viewed on PAL 25P Progressive, 25 FPS Standard for TV where PAL is used. ЗОР Progressive, 30 FPS Standard for TV where NTSC is used. Actually 29.97 FPS 48P Progressive, 48 FPS Relatively new, being tried out in films. (Used in the movie The Hobbit) "High Motion" for digital cinema designed to remove flicker 50P Progressive, 50 FPS High speed standard for TV where PAL is used. 50i Interlaced, 50 FPS High speed for where MAP is used. Since it's interlaced, it captures 50 "half-frames" per second Compared to 25p, it is better for fast pans and fast action, like sports but for filming slower pans and motion. 60P Progressive, 60 FPS High speed standard for TV where NTSC is used. Actually 59.94 FPS 60i Interlaced, 60 FPS High speed for where NTSC is used. Since it's interlaced, it captures 60 "half-frames" per second Compared to 30p, it is better for fast pans and fast action, like sports but for filming slower pans and motion. Video Size 4096 x 2304 2048 x1152 10BOP 1920 x IOB0 720P - 1280 x 720 DV - 720 x 576 4K 2K 1080P 720P DV Aspect Ratio 1.33:1 The ratio of a videos width to its height. Academy Standard NTSC Television (4x3) Letterboxing Pillarboxing 1.78:1 U.S. Digital Television (16x9) 2.35:1 Letterboxing and pillarboxing preserve the aspect ratio of a video when it's played on another screen or device by adding black bars. Anamorphic Scope (aka Panavision/Cinemascope) Bit Rate Measured in bits per second, bit rate measures the amount of information per second. The higher the bit rate, the more information and usually the higher the quality. Bluray HDV 1080i DVD SD TV 10 20 30 40 Mbits/s Higher Bitrate Lower Bitrate Bit Depth Bit depth (Color Depth) describes the amount of data in one individual pixel. So a bigger bit depth means that pixels can have a larger variety of values. 8 bit and 10 bit are the most common for video. A higher bit rate has better quality, but takes up more space 1200 1000 10-bit color 800 600 400 200 8-bit color 8 Bit 10 Bit Color Sample Ratio Since human eyes are more keen for changes in luminance than color, "Chroma Subsampling" removes some of the color information to save space. 4:4:4 No loss in color detail (Best Quality) 4:2:2 Color info cut in half 4:1:1 Color info one quarter of original 4:2:0 Same data rate as 4:1:1, used by MPEG, HDV & more. More Detailed Explaination: connerpro.com/color-subsampling/ In a 2012 survey, video professionals voted for their favorite web and sharing format. -MP4 (33.3%) Our favorite! Flash (26.1%)- -WebM (2.4%) -Windows Media (16.4%) Quicktime (21.7%)- Have suggestions or comments? Please let us know! CÙNNER P R O D U CTI O N S Possible Colors