Transcribed
Time Travel Made Simple
TIME TRAVEL MADE SIMPLE BY JULIE ROSSMAN To hear Hollywood tell it, time travel is a piece of cake. Dozens of films have used the device, almost always with a nice “happy-ending" symmetry, as this very small sample demonstrates. Science is finally catching up with fiction, and demonstrating how time travel might be possible. But there are some extreme limitations-so don't start modifying your DeLorean just yet. World Science Festival worldsciencefestival.com 30508c - BACK IN TIME FORWARD IN TIME 20508 - {050ec 508c 950 1050 {{50 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650 {750 {850 1950 1960 1970 1980 (990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 리 50 2250 2350 2450 2550 2650 BACK TO THE FUTURE SERIES 2750 TERMINATOR SERIES 2850 2950 STAR TREK IV 3050 GROUNDHOG DAY 니 050 PLANET OF THE APES 5050 BILL & TED'S 6O50 EXCELLENT ADVENTURE 7050 HOT TUB TIME MACHINE WHITE SEGMENT 1O YEARS 8O50 LOOPER GREY SEGMENT (00 YEARS 9050 12 MONKEYS 10,050 DARK GREY SEGMENT {000 YEARS 1,050
Time Travel Made Simple
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In movies, time travel methods are mostly explained along the lines of “something something plutonium something wormhole.” But physicists do have some idea of methods that might allow for actual t...
ime travel—though they might not necessarily prevent you from killing your own grandfather.
One trope in time travel science fiction is slightly plausible, if physically impossible—traveling faster than the speed of light. The crew of the U.S.S. Enterprise did this in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, by using the sun’s gravitational pull to accelerate their spaceship to super-light speed. If it were possible to travel faster than light (Einstein calculated it would take an infinite amount of power), it is theoretically possible for signals to be sent back in time; it’s questionable if the same method could work with people. Of course, if you have a faster-than-light ship, you could take a one-way trip into the future by taking advantage of the relativistic effects of time dilation: spend a few decades traveling, and arrive at your destination to find that centuries have passed since you left. In 2011, faster-than-light travel appeared closer to reality than ever; CERN scientists thought they’d found subatomic particles traveling faster than the speed of light. But the measurement was later found to be an error, possibly due to a faulty connection between a GPS unit and a computer.
Wormholes are another possible route for traveling backwards and forwards through time. In the 1960s, New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr calculated that a spinning black hole collapses not into a point, but into a ring; if something passed through this ring, it might travel through a tunnel in spacetime called an Einstein-Rosen bridge, or wormhole. The two ends of the wormhole might connect to different universes, or to different points in the same universe (separated by time as well as space). Scientists have yet to actually find evidence for wormholes, but they do square with Einstein’s theories of gravity.
Frank Tipler, an astronomer, came up with another possible method of time travel that might work for actual space travelers, though building it is a bit of a tall order: First, you need a chunk of matter 10 times the mass of the sun. Then you roll it up into a cylinder, and set it spinning to a few billion rotations per minute. Stuff that travels in a precise spiral around the cylinder could end up on a closed timelike curve, a weird twist of spacetime that sends you on a loop back to the time where you entered it. But constructing one of these Tipler cylinders is going to take some time, as it has to be of infinite length.
Assuming you make it back to the past, what happens if you kill an ancestor of yours? Do you cease to exist? Does you ceasing to exist then mean you don’t go back in time in the first place to kill your grandfather? Russian physicist Igor Novikov developed a theory called the Self-Consistency Principle, under which the odds of any action that you might take creating a time paradox is basically zero. Changing the past is essentially physically impossible, just as you can’t suddenly fly off the face of the Earth or suddenly turn into an elephant. Somehow, the universe balances the scales to keep the timeline in order. It’s not clear exactly how this would work; perhaps if you set off to kill your grandfather in the past, you may find yourself waylaid by car problems, or a sudden illness. Or perhaps it’s impossible to change the past because you’ve already been there in the past, taking actions that resulted in your future-present. Not all physicists (or philosophers, given the implications of Novikov’s principle on free will) agree; some think that actions during time travel may create new timelines (as seen in Back to the Future II; for more on theories of alternate universes, check out the World Science Festival program “Multiverse: One Universe or Many?”). Whichever theory of timelines you subscribe to, it’s probably best to play it safe and not kill anyone.
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