International Relations in Space

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN SPACE THE MOON TREATY 1979 THE OUTER SPACE TREATY 1967 No nation, organisation or individual can claim ownership of the moon or any other celestial body. Prohibits placing any weapons of mass destruction (particularly nuclear weapons) in Earth's orbit. Any resource extraction must be made by an international regime and shared equally All celestial bodies are to be among countries. considered peaceful places. They are to be considered 'The Common All states have an equal right to conduct Heritage of Mankind' research on celestial bodies. Nations cannot claim sovereignty of any celestial space, nor occupy them. Celestial Bodies cannot be used to test weapons or as military bases. NB. This treaty has not been ratified by any space faring nations, so is in effect redundant CLAIMS OF MOON OWNERSHIP Martin Juergens - Germany Claimed it had been in his family since 1756 Dennis Hope - 1980 – USA (Still selling the moon today) A. Dean Linday - 1936 – USA 600,000,000 The number of acres of moon space that Dennis Hope has sold, in spite of his bogus claim to ownership. James T. Mangan – 1948 - USA Jenaro Gajardo Vera – 1953 – Chile Robert R. Coles – 1958 - USA on behalf of New York's Hayden Planetarium NB. cases of Moon ownership being given away are spurious, however, due to the fact 'parts' of the moon are not being sold, but 'deeds' to the moon (as novelty gifts) SATELLITES OF LOVE MI HIGA 340KM /211. ISS /133.6MI HIGH AT 65° THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION Continuously occupied for 13 years, during which a total of 14 countries have 215KM / SPUTNIK 1 contributed through 5 space organisations: RUSSIA NASA NASA (USA) JAXA (Japan) The space race began on October 4, 1957 with the launch of the first Roscosmos (Russia) artificial satellite. ESA (Europe) CSA (Canada) SEA LEVEL EQUATOR Окм LEO LOW EARTH ORBIT up to 2000KM/1243.7MI Satellites orbit earth every two hours MEO HST MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT HUBBLE SPACE up to 35,786KM TELESCOPE 595KM /369.7MI HIGH AT 26° Launched in 1990 GPS SATELLITES 20,350KM Hubble's discoveries Semi-synchronous, orbiting earth twice a day have transformed the way scientists look at the universe. This borderline between MEO and HEO is where Geosynchronous and Geostationary Satellites orbit. They appear stationary from earth, orbiting once a day and НЕО allowing satellite dishes to be aligned with them. HIGH EARTH ORBIT beyond 35,786KM REACHING FOR THE STARS SINCE 1957 RI GAGARIN TERESHKOVA VALENTINA BOTH RUSSIAN 12 APRIL 16 JUNE 1961 1963 First man in space First woman in space Ta Since THE SPACE RACE began during The Cold War, the USA and Russia have been the big dogs of space travel. IN RECENT YE ARS, MANY MORE COUNTRIES ARE GETTING INVOLVED. COUNTRIES WITH LAUNCHING CAPABILITY 10 A RUSSIA 4027 -- 1457 5,600 | SATELLITES BUILT AND LAUNCHED A USA PAYLOADS 1996 IN ORBIT COSMETIC COST (SPACE AGENCY ANNUAL BUDGET IN MILLIONS OF US S) 1110 B 17,700 $1M N/K = NOT KNOWN NB. = ADDITONAL NOTE A CHINA INDIA 220 66 140 --54 1,300 B 1,320 KA JAPAN A UK IRAN 170 41 134 --30 1 2,460 B 414 B 500 e FRANCE ISRAEL N.KOREA 67 15 2 57 -- 11 --1 B 2,822 N/K N/K NB. / COUNTRIES HAVE DEVELOPED THE TECHNOLOGY, BUT NOT USED IT SUCESSFULLY (SEE BELOW) Each equals 350 satellites = orbiting and operational = orbiting but not operating = decayed IN TOTAL 6919 SATELLITES HAVE BEEN LAUNCHED 3494 ORBITING 3342 DECAYED 4 OPERATIONAL COUNTRIES LAUNCHING VIA FORIEGN FACILITIES 60 42 2,00O 39 34 488.7 32 22 1,000 13 13 343 12 9 180 4 3 82 Germany Brazil Indonesia 13 12 Canada Argentina New Zealand Italy Pakistan Malaysia 6 6 Spain 16 9 135 Romania Turkey 98 Australia 14 12 - Taiwan 8 8 Switzerland 2 2 10 South Africa 2 2 Egypt 44 - LAUNCH TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED SMALL-SCALE LAUNCHER TECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT YET TO USE IT SUCCESSFULLY 17 11 300 66 250 6 4 6 5 South Korea Denmark Ukraine Luxembourg JOINT VENTURES AND ALLIANCES - - 170 Slovakia & Czech republic Belgium 7 5,380 6 4 6 3 ESA - 4 110 11 11 100 2 2 10 10 7 8.34 Netherlands 6 NATO 8 Norway Sweden There have also been 282 other joint Nigeria Switzerland ventures between other countries. Vietnam 4 3 Mexico NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries. Algeria 2 1 Saudi Arabia 12 12 - Chile 2 2 13 12 8 8 7 7 Indonesia Greece 2 2 ESA is a european intergovernmental organisation of 20 member states. Taiwan Venezuela 2 2 Thailand Colombia 1 United Arab Emerates 7 6 1 1 Portugal is the highest number of launches without success by 3. 18 crew members have died during actual spaceflight Brazil and South Korea - both missions and over 100 others 647 have died in accidents during have yet to launch a satellite into orbit independently. activity directly related to spaceflight missions or testing. PEOPLE HAVE BEEN INTO SPACE (AT LEAST 50 MILES/80 KM ABOVE EARTH) ARRA USA 396 RARRR RRRR RAA 169 RUSSIA (AND USSR) RRRRRRRR 15 CHINA 13 AARR 片 头壳 壳 壳 壳 壳 壳 RARRRARRRARA GERMANY 12 RARRRRRRARA AARRRR 歌 壳 10 ) JAPAN 11 CANADA FRANCE 8 ARRRRRRR RRARRRR7 BRITAIN ITALY 4 AUSTRALIA NETHERLANDS BELGIUM KAZAKHSTAN VIETNAM 3. HUNGARY MALAYSIA SPAIN INDIA BULGARIA POLAND SAUDI ARABIA BRAZIL PERU SWEDEN UKRAINE ISRAEL ROMANIA SOUTH KOREA AUSTRIA UZBEKISTAN LATVIA SLOVAKIA SOUTH AFRICA 1. BELARUS SYRIA MONGOLIA CZECH REPUBLIC AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN CUBA SWITZERLAND MEXICO IRAN SPACE DEBRIS WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN Space debris is one of the biggest problems now facing the outer space international community. Consider that at spaceflight speed, a fleck of paint could tear through the hull of a shuttle... $6,041,174.70 The bill Canada sent Russia under the Space Liability Act for damages caused by the fallout from Kosmos 954, a failed satellite launch, in 1977. 1400 tonnes of 1 The only death caused by falling debris was that of a Cuban Cow in 1960. manmade debris to have fallen to Earth so far. TONNE NN NNE NE DEBRIS ORBITING EARTH estimated 21,000+ objects: 10cm+ 500,000 objects:1-10cm 135 2009 heads of state were Year of the first hypervelocity satellite collision between a privately owned given their share of 2,200 lunar rock samples brought to Earth by NASA's Apollo lunar landing missions from 1969 to 1972,. 10 2000 US satellite and a Russian satellite that had not be active since 1995. At In a collision between an inactive the time of impact the satellites were travelling at 26,170 miles per hour. countries have 'lost' their share. Russian communications satellite and an active commercial communications satellite, 2000 pieces of debris larger than 10cm in diameter were produced. NB. Russia, China and the USA have all developed weapons to destroy satellites. They have also all demonstrated these capabilities on their own allegedly non-functioning satellites. Deliberate destruction like this is criticised by other nations for creating additional debris. ANIMALS IN SPACE 2007 First animal survives exposure to open space and its vacuum Tardigrades or Water Bears' are 1mm in length. The space community isn't just international, it's interspecies too. More animals have gone to space than humans - and they've been doing it a lot longer. CARP AND TOADFISH JELLYFISH SEA URCHINS BRINE SHRIMP 雙 BUTTERFLIES SPIDERS, STICK INSECTS DESERT BEETLES, CRICKETS & ANTS FRUIT FLIES, WINE FLIES & PARASITIC WASPS FROGS & NEWTS MEAL WORMS & NEMATODES SNAILS GUINEA PIGS TORTOISES MICE & RATS SQUIRREL, PIG-TAILED CYNOMOLGUS & CAI MONKEYS, DOGS CATS RHESUS MACAQUES, & CHIMPANZEES G The Gap Partnership © www.thegappartnership.com INHO ONH BREAKDOWN PER COUNTRY