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When Failure Looks like Success

IDEA WATCH HBR.ORG Vision Statement Andrew Zolli is the curator of Pop!Tech and the founder of Z+ Partners. He is the author, with Ann Marie Healy, of the forthcoming book Resilience: The Science of Why Things Bounce Back (Random House). Open is a design studio in New York. VIEW More on Bangladesh's epic struggle for clean water Lessons Learned People say that success has a thousand fathers but When Failure Looks Like Success The Fix Fixing the Fix WELLS INSTALLED UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATES (DEATHS PER 1,000) failure is an orphan. MASSIVE SUCCESS In 1999 a multimillion-dollar program of well screening, education, public relations, and social marketing begins. By 2004 it is deemed a success: Wells are painted green (safe) or red (contaminated), and officials report that most residents understand the danger and have stopped using water from the red wells. MASSIVE SUCCESS 1970 In 1972 UNICEF initiates a project to install tube wells that pull pure underground water to the surface. More and more wells Not in this case, however. Many factors caused the Bangladesh well intervention to become a protracted zero 239 The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure. The overarching message? Success requires ongoing vigilance. Don't assume the mission is accomplished. struggle. Here are two of the most are put in during the next two decades, and three years ahead of the target date most people are getting their water from them. The wells become status symbols, included by many families in their daughters' dowries. 1970 1990 important: Designing "for" instead of “with" The organizations behind the initial intervention were international bureaucracies with an incomplete understanding of the local population, particularly of rural women. The consequences of their mistakes compounded over time. They should have embraced the community as a codesigner, not merely a recipient, of the solution. 1 million 149 1980 2000 91 by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy; visualization by Open. 97% A lack of "whole measurements" The organizations did not fully assess their projects' impacts. Because they measured success only by the number of wells built and the decline of the rural population has access to well water by 1997. 1990 Red = contaminated Green = 10 million of waterborne illnesses, they missed early signs of the arsenicosis crisis. And they were slow to spot the social problems the painted wells created. They should have developed broader measures of community health and continually monitored them over time, in partnership with the communities. safe 1972 1999 1983 2000s A Disturbing Discovery Unforeseen Consequences THE PROBLEM Lack of Potable Water EPIC FAILURE NEW FAILURES 1 in 5 wells is unsafe. In the early 197os most of the rural population uses contaminated groundwater for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, and irrigation. Waterborne diseases are rampant. In 1983 a doctor notices "black raindrops" on patients' skin-a sign of arsenic poisoning (lesions are another). Arsenicosis has a latency period as long as 20 years, and over the next decade, even as more wells are installed, more cases are diagnosed. They are well water contaminated with arsenic, which occurs naturally in the country's rocks and soil. In 2000 the World Health Organization cites the crisis as "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history." Few follow-up measures are taken after the testing, labeling, and education process. New problems emerge. Villagers who live close to red wells are stigmatized. Those afflicted with arsenic poisoning are discriminated against in employment and social activities and, in the case of young women, face diminished marriage prospects. Some women turn to prostitution to survive. RISE IN ARSENICOSIS 40,000 CASES 20% nked to Researchers estimate that FIRST CASE DIAGNOSED diarrheal diseases will increase by 20% among villagers who resume using surface water. 1,200 CASES 90,000,00o people in a country the size of lowa 1983 1987 1993 Bangladesh EFFECTS OF ARSENICOSIS CONTAMINATED WATER LEADS TO TAINTED RICE (BANGLADESHI CROP, EARLY 200os) Confusion Numbness 250,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases 1 in 20 RICE CONSTITUTES Gangrene Seizures AVERAGE ARSENIC LEVEL IN RICE ABOUT 200 PARTS PER BILLION 73% OF PEOPLE'S DIET Some owners of contaminated wells repaint them green to avoid the shame associated with red wells. In 2001 only 5% of parents would allow their children to marry Cancer Organ failure Coma Death someone with arsenicosis. HIGHEST LEVEL MEASURED 1,839 PPB SOURCES UNICEF; UN FOUNDATION; WORLD BANK; ANDREW MEHARG, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN IDEA WATCH HBR.ORG Vision Statement Andrew Zolli is the curator of Pop!Tech and the founder of Z+ Partners. He is the author, with Ann Marie Healy, of the forthcoming book Resilience: The Science of Why Things Bounce Back (Random House). Open is a design studio in New York. VIEW More on Bangladesh's epic struggle for clean water Lessons Learned People say that success has a thousand fathers but When Failure Looks Like Success The Fix Fixing the Fix WELLS INSTALLED UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATES (DEATHS PER 1,000) failure is an orphan. MASSIVE SUCCESS In 1999 a multimillion-dollar program of well screening, education, public relations, and social marketing begins. By 2004 it is deemed a success: Wells are painted green (safe) or red (contaminated), and officials report that most residents understand the danger and have stopped using water from the red wells. MASSIVE SUCCESS 1970 In 1972 UNICEF initiates a project to install tube wells that pull pure underground water to the surface. More and more wells Not in this case, however. Many factors caused the Bangladesh well intervention to become a protracted zero 239 The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure. The overarching message? Success requires ongoing vigilance. Don't assume the mission is accomplished. struggle. Here are two of the most are put in during the next two decades, and three years ahead of the target date most people are getting their water from them. The wells become status symbols, included by many families in their daughters' dowries. 1970 1990 important: Designing "for" instead of “with" The organizations behind the initial intervention were international bureaucracies with an incomplete understanding of the local population, particularly of rural women. The consequences of their mistakes compounded over time. They should have embraced the community as a codesigner, not merely a recipient, of the solution. 1 million 149 1980 2000 91 by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy; visualization by Open. 97% A lack of "whole measurements" The organizations did not fully assess their projects' impacts. Because they measured success only by the number of wells built and the decline of the rural population has access to well water by 1997. 1990 Red = contaminated Green = 10 million of waterborne illnesses, they missed early signs of the arsenicosis crisis. And they were slow to spot the social problems the painted wells created. They should have developed broader measures of community health and continually monitored them over time, in partnership with the communities. safe 1972 1999 1983 2000s A Disturbing Discovery Unforeseen Consequences THE PROBLEM Lack of Potable Water EPIC FAILURE NEW FAILURES 1 in 5 wells is unsafe. In the early 197os most of the rural population uses contaminated groundwater for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, and irrigation. Waterborne diseases are rampant. In 1983 a doctor notices "black raindrops" on patients' skin-a sign of arsenic poisoning (lesions are another). Arsenicosis has a latency period as long as 20 years, and over the next decade, even as more wells are installed, more cases are diagnosed. They are well water contaminated with arsenic, which occurs naturally in the country's rocks and soil. In 2000 the World Health Organization cites the crisis as "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history." Few follow-up measures are taken after the testing, labeling, and education process. New problems emerge. Villagers who live close to red wells are stigmatized. Those afflicted with arsenic poisoning are discriminated against in employment and social activities and, in the case of young women, face diminished marriage prospects. Some women turn to prostitution to survive. RISE IN ARSENICOSIS 40,000 CASES 20% nked to Researchers estimate that FIRST CASE DIAGNOSED diarrheal diseases will increase by 20% among villagers who resume using surface water. 1,200 CASES 90,000,00o people in a country the size of lowa 1983 1987 1993 Bangladesh EFFECTS OF ARSENICOSIS CONTAMINATED WATER LEADS TO TAINTED RICE (BANGLADESHI CROP, EARLY 200os) Confusion Numbness 250,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases 1 in 20 RICE CONSTITUTES Gangrene Seizures AVERAGE ARSENIC LEVEL IN RICE ABOUT 200 PARTS PER BILLION 73% OF PEOPLE'S DIET Some owners of contaminated wells repaint them green to avoid the shame associated with red wells. In 2001 only 5% of parents would allow their children to marry Cancer Organ failure Coma Death someone with arsenicosis. HIGHEST LEVEL MEASURED 1,839 PPB SOURCES UNICEF; UN FOUNDATION; WORLD BANK; ANDREW MEHARG, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN IDEA WATCH HBR.ORG Vision Statement Andrew Zolli is the curator of Pop!Tech and the founder of Z+ Partners. He is the author, with Ann Marie Healy, of the forthcoming book Resilience: The Science of Why Things Bounce Back (Random House). Open is a design studio in New York. VIEW More on Bangladesh's epic struggle for clean water Lessons Learned People say that success has a thousand fathers but When Failure Looks Like Success The Fix Fixing the Fix WELLS INSTALLED UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATES (DEATHS PER 1,000) failure is an orphan. MASSIVE SUCCESS In 1999 a multimillion-dollar program of well screening, education, public relations, and social marketing begins. By 2004 it is deemed a success: Wells are painted green (safe) or red (contaminated), and officials report that most residents understand the danger and have stopped using water from the red wells. MASSIVE SUCCESS 1970 In 1972 UNICEF initiates a project to install tube wells that pull pure underground water to the surface. More and more wells Not in this case, however. Many factors caused the Bangladesh well intervention to become a protracted zero 239 The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure. The overarching message? Success requires ongoing vigilance. Don't assume the mission is accomplished. struggle. Here are two of the most are put in during the next two decades, and three years ahead of the target date most people are getting their water from them. The wells become status symbols, included by many families in their daughters' dowries. 1970 1990 important: Designing "for" instead of “with" The organizations behind the initial intervention were international bureaucracies with an incomplete understanding of the local population, particularly of rural women. The consequences of their mistakes compounded over time. They should have embraced the community as a codesigner, not merely a recipient, of the solution. 1 million 149 1980 2000 91 by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy; visualization by Open. 97% A lack of "whole measurements" The organizations did not fully assess their projects' impacts. Because they measured success only by the number of wells built and the decline of the rural population has access to well water by 1997. 1990 Red = contaminated Green = 10 million of waterborne illnesses, they missed early signs of the arsenicosis crisis. And they were slow to spot the social problems the painted wells created. They should have developed broader measures of community health and continually monitored them over time, in partnership with the communities. safe 1972 1999 1983 2000s A Disturbing Discovery Unforeseen Consequences THE PROBLEM Lack of Potable Water EPIC FAILURE NEW FAILURES 1 in 5 wells is unsafe. In the early 197os most of the rural population uses contaminated groundwater for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, and irrigation. Waterborne diseases are rampant. In 1983 a doctor notices "black raindrops" on patients' skin-a sign of arsenic poisoning (lesions are another). Arsenicosis has a latency period as long as 20 years, and over the next decade, even as more wells are installed, more cases are diagnosed. They are well water contaminated with arsenic, which occurs naturally in the country's rocks and soil. In 2000 the World Health Organization cites the crisis as "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history." Few follow-up measures are taken after the testing, labeling, and education process. New problems emerge. Villagers who live close to red wells are stigmatized. Those afflicted with arsenic poisoning are discriminated against in employment and social activities and, in the case of young women, face diminished marriage prospects. Some women turn to prostitution to survive. RISE IN ARSENICOSIS 40,000 CASES 20% nked to Researchers estimate that FIRST CASE DIAGNOSED diarrheal diseases will increase by 20% among villagers who resume using surface water. 1,200 CASES 90,000,00o people in a country the size of lowa 1983 1987 1993 Bangladesh EFFECTS OF ARSENICOSIS CONTAMINATED WATER LEADS TO TAINTED RICE (BANGLADESHI CROP, EARLY 200os) Confusion Numbness 250,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases 1 in 20 RICE CONSTITUTES Gangrene Seizures AVERAGE ARSENIC LEVEL IN RICE ABOUT 200 PARTS PER BILLION 73% OF PEOPLE'S DIET Some owners of contaminated wells repaint them green to avoid the shame associated with red wells. In 2001 only 5% of parents would allow their children to marry Cancer Organ failure Coma Death someone with arsenicosis. HIGHEST LEVEL MEASURED 1,839 PPB SOURCES UNICEF; UN FOUNDATION; WORLD BANK; ANDREW MEHARG, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN IDEA WATCH HBR.ORG Vision Statement Andrew Zolli is the curator of Pop!Tech and the founder of Z+ Partners. He is the author, with Ann Marie Healy, of the forthcoming book Resilience: The Science of Why Things Bounce Back (Random House). Open is a design studio in New York. VIEW More on Bangladesh's epic struggle for clean water Lessons Learned People say that success has a thousand fathers but When Failure Looks Like Success The Fix Fixing the Fix WELLS INSTALLED UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATES (DEATHS PER 1,000) failure is an orphan. MASSIVE SUCCESS In 1999 a multimillion-dollar program of well screening, education, public relations, and social marketing begins. By 2004 it is deemed a success: Wells are painted green (safe) or red (contaminated), and officials report that most residents understand the danger and have stopped using water from the red wells. MASSIVE SUCCESS 1970 In 1972 UNICEF initiates a project to install tube wells that pull pure underground water to the surface. More and more wells Not in this case, however. Many factors caused the Bangladesh well intervention to become a protracted zero 239 The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure. The overarching message? Success requires ongoing vigilance. Don't assume the mission is accomplished. struggle. Here are two of the most are put in during the next two decades, and three years ahead of the target date most people are getting their water from them. The wells become status symbols, included by many families in their daughters' dowries. 1970 1990 important: Designing "for" instead of “with" The organizations behind the initial intervention were international bureaucracies with an incomplete understanding of the local population, particularly of rural women. The consequences of their mistakes compounded over time. They should have embraced the community as a codesigner, not merely a recipient, of the solution. 1 million 149 1980 2000 91 by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy; visualization by Open. 97% A lack of "whole measurements" The organizations did not fully assess their projects' impacts. Because they measured success only by the number of wells built and the decline of the rural population has access to well water by 1997. 1990 Red = contaminated Green = 10 million of waterborne illnesses, they missed early signs of the arsenicosis crisis. And they were slow to spot the social problems the painted wells created. They should have developed broader measures of community health and continually monitored them over time, in partnership with the communities. safe 1972 1999 1983 2000s A Disturbing Discovery Unforeseen Consequences THE PROBLEM Lack of Potable Water EPIC FAILURE NEW FAILURES 1 in 5 wells is unsafe. In the early 197os most of the rural population uses contaminated groundwater for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, and irrigation. Waterborne diseases are rampant. In 1983 a doctor notices "black raindrops" on patients' skin-a sign of arsenic poisoning (lesions are another). Arsenicosis has a latency period as long as 20 years, and over the next decade, even as more wells are installed, more cases are diagnosed. They are well water contaminated with arsenic, which occurs naturally in the country's rocks and soil. In 2000 the World Health Organization cites the crisis as "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history." Few follow-up measures are taken after the testing, labeling, and education process. New problems emerge. Villagers who live close to red wells are stigmatized. Those afflicted with arsenic poisoning are discriminated against in employment and social activities and, in the case of young women, face diminished marriage prospects. Some women turn to prostitution to survive. RISE IN ARSENICOSIS 40,000 CASES 20% nked to Researchers estimate that FIRST CASE DIAGNOSED diarrheal diseases will increase by 20% among villagers who resume using surface water. 1,200 CASES 90,000,00o people in a country the size of lowa 1983 1987 1993 Bangladesh EFFECTS OF ARSENICOSIS CONTAMINATED WATER LEADS TO TAINTED RICE (BANGLADESHI CROP, EARLY 200os) Confusion Numbness 250,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases 1 in 20 RICE CONSTITUTES Gangrene Seizures AVERAGE ARSENIC LEVEL IN RICE ABOUT 200 PARTS PER BILLION 73% OF PEOPLE'S DIET Some owners of contaminated wells repaint them green to avoid the shame associated with red wells. In 2001 only 5% of parents would allow their children to marry Cancer Organ failure Coma Death someone with arsenicosis. HIGHEST LEVEL MEASURED 1,839 PPB SOURCES UNICEF; UN FOUNDATION; WORLD BANK; ANDREW MEHARG, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN IDEA WATCH HBR.ORG Vision Statement Andrew Zolli is the curator of Pop!Tech and the founder of Z+ Partners. He is the author, with Ann Marie Healy, of the forthcoming book Resilience: The Science of Why Things Bounce Back (Random House). Open is a design studio in New York. VIEW More on Bangladesh's epic struggle for clean water Lessons Learned People say that success has a thousand fathers but When Failure Looks Like Success The Fix Fixing the Fix WELLS INSTALLED UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATES (DEATHS PER 1,000) failure is an orphan. MASSIVE SUCCESS In 1999 a multimillion-dollar program of well screening, education, public relations, and social marketing begins. By 2004 it is deemed a success: Wells are painted green (safe) or red (contaminated), and officials report that most residents understand the danger and have stopped using water from the red wells. MASSIVE SUCCESS 1970 In 1972 UNICEF initiates a project to install tube wells that pull pure underground water to the surface. More and more wells Not in this case, however. Many factors caused the Bangladesh well intervention to become a protracted zero 239 The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure. The overarching message? Success requires ongoing vigilance. Don't assume the mission is accomplished. struggle. Here are two of the most are put in during the next two decades, and three years ahead of the target date most people are getting their water from them. The wells become status symbols, included by many families in their daughters' dowries. 1970 1990 important: Designing "for" instead of “with" The organizations behind the initial intervention were international bureaucracies with an incomplete understanding of the local population, particularly of rural women. The consequences of their mistakes compounded over time. They should have embraced the community as a codesigner, not merely a recipient, of the solution. 1 million 149 1980 2000 91 by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy; visualization by Open. 97% A lack of "whole measurements" The organizations did not fully assess their projects' impacts. Because they measured success only by the number of wells built and the decline of the rural population has access to well water by 1997. 1990 Red = contaminated Green = 10 million of waterborne illnesses, they missed early signs of the arsenicosis crisis. And they were slow to spot the social problems the painted wells created. They should have developed broader measures of community health and continually monitored them over time, in partnership with the communities. safe 1972 1999 1983 2000s A Disturbing Discovery Unforeseen Consequences THE PROBLEM Lack of Potable Water EPIC FAILURE NEW FAILURES 1 in 5 wells is unsafe. In the early 197os most of the rural population uses contaminated groundwater for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, and irrigation. Waterborne diseases are rampant. In 1983 a doctor notices "black raindrops" on patients' skin-a sign of arsenic poisoning (lesions are another). Arsenicosis has a latency period as long as 20 years, and over the next decade, even as more wells are installed, more cases are diagnosed. They are well water contaminated with arsenic, which occurs naturally in the country's rocks and soil. In 2000 the World Health Organization cites the crisis as "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history." Few follow-up measures are taken after the testing, labeling, and education process. New problems emerge. Villagers who live close to red wells are stigmatized. Those afflicted with arsenic poisoning are discriminated against in employment and social activities and, in the case of young women, face diminished marriage prospects. Some women turn to prostitution to survive. RISE IN ARSENICOSIS 40,000 CASES 20% nked to Researchers estimate that FIRST CASE DIAGNOSED diarrheal diseases will increase by 20% among villagers who resume using surface water. 1,200 CASES 90,000,00o people in a country the size of lowa 1983 1987 1993 Bangladesh EFFECTS OF ARSENICOSIS CONTAMINATED WATER LEADS TO TAINTED RICE (BANGLADESHI CROP, EARLY 200os) Confusion Numbness 250,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases 1 in 20 RICE CONSTITUTES Gangrene Seizures AVERAGE ARSENIC LEVEL IN RICE ABOUT 200 PARTS PER BILLION 73% OF PEOPLE'S DIET Some owners of contaminated wells repaint them green to avoid the shame associated with red wells. In 2001 only 5% of parents would allow their children to marry Cancer Organ failure Coma Death someone with arsenicosis. HIGHEST LEVEL MEASURED 1,839 PPB SOURCES UNICEF; UN FOUNDATION; WORLD BANK; ANDREW MEHARG, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN IDEA WATCH HBR.ORG Vision Statement Andrew Zolli is the curator of Pop!Tech and the founder of Z+ Partners. He is the author, with Ann Marie Healy, of the forthcoming book Resilience: The Science of Why Things Bounce Back (Random House). Open is a design studio in New York. VIEW More on Bangladesh's epic struggle for clean water Lessons Learned People say that success has a thousand fathers but When Failure Looks Like Success The Fix Fixing the Fix WELLS INSTALLED UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATES (DEATHS PER 1,000) failure is an orphan. MASSIVE SUCCESS In 1999 a multimillion-dollar program of well screening, education, public relations, and social marketing begins. By 2004 it is deemed a success: Wells are painted green (safe) or red (contaminated), and officials report that most residents understand the danger and have stopped using water from the red wells. MASSIVE SUCCESS 1970 In 1972 UNICEF initiates a project to install tube wells that pull pure underground water to the surface. More and more wells Not in this case, however. Many factors caused the Bangladesh well intervention to become a protracted zero 239 The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure. The overarching message? Success requires ongoing vigilance. Don't assume the mission is accomplished. struggle. Here are two of the most are put in during the next two decades, and three years ahead of the target date most people are getting their water from them. The wells become status symbols, included by many families in their daughters' dowries. 1970 1990 important: Designing "for" instead of “with" The organizations behind the initial intervention were international bureaucracies with an incomplete understanding of the local population, particularly of rural women. The consequences of their mistakes compounded over time. They should have embraced the community as a codesigner, not merely a recipient, of the solution. 1 million 149 1980 2000 91 by Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy; visualization by Open. 97% A lack of "whole measurements" The organizations did not fully assess their projects' impacts. Because they measured success only by the number of wells built and the decline of the rural population has access to well water by 1997. 1990 Red = contaminated Green = 10 million of waterborne illnesses, they missed early signs of the arsenicosis crisis. And they were slow to spot the social problems the painted wells created. They should have developed broader measures of community health and continually monitored them over time, in partnership with the communities. safe 1972 1999 1983 2000s A Disturbing Discovery Unforeseen Consequences THE PROBLEM Lack of Potable Water EPIC FAILURE NEW FAILURES 1 in 5 wells is unsafe. In the early 197os most of the rural population uses contaminated groundwater for drinking, bathing, washing clothes and dishes, and irrigation. Waterborne diseases are rampant. In 1983 a doctor notices "black raindrops" on patients' skin-a sign of arsenic poisoning (lesions are another). Arsenicosis has a latency period as long as 20 years, and over the next decade, even as more wells are installed, more cases are diagnosed. They are well water contaminated with arsenic, which occurs naturally in the country's rocks and soil. In 2000 the World Health Organization cites the crisis as "the largest mass poisoning of a population in history." Few follow-up measures are taken after the testing, labeling, and education process. New problems emerge. Villagers who live close to red wells are stigmatized. Those afflicted with arsenic poisoning are discriminated against in employment and social activities and, in the case of young women, face diminished marriage prospects. Some women turn to prostitution to survive. RISE IN ARSENICOSIS 40,000 CASES 20% nked to Researchers estimate that FIRST CASE DIAGNOSED diarrheal diseases will increase by 20% among villagers who resume using surface water. 1,200 CASES 90,000,00o people in a country the size of lowa 1983 1987 1993 Bangladesh EFFECTS OF ARSENICOSIS CONTAMINATED WATER LEADS TO TAINTED RICE (BANGLADESHI CROP, EARLY 200os) Confusion Numbness 250,000 deaths annually from waterborne diseases 1 in 20 RICE CONSTITUTES Gangrene Seizures AVERAGE ARSENIC LEVEL IN RICE ABOUT 200 PARTS PER BILLION 73% OF PEOPLE'S DIET Some owners of contaminated wells repaint them green to avoid the shame associated with red wells. In 2001 only 5% of parents would allow their children to marry Cancer Organ failure Coma Death someone with arsenicosis. HIGHEST LEVEL MEASURED 1,839 PPB SOURCES UNICEF; UN FOUNDATION; WORLD BANK; ANDREW MEHARG, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

When Failure Looks like Success

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The global effort to bring clean water to Bangladesh appeared to be a huge success-twice. But each time, the success contained the seeds of epic failure.

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