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Transcribed

History of Addiction - The Bronze & Iron Ages

The, EVOLUTION Of drug and alcohol use Alcohol Caffeine Tobacco Cannabis Opium Cocaine THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES 3000 B.C. TO 400 A:D. 8000 B.C. 6000 B.C. he earliest evidence 1 of intentional n indigenous plant of A North and South America, tobacco is thought to have grown since ancient times. fermentation comes from the Middle East, where a confluence of pottery, horticulture and food processing techniques created the perf conditions for winemaking. Archeologists have discovered vessels coated 5000 B.C. n South America, particularly the Andean region, indigenous peoples have cultivated the coca plant - the with resonated wine that source of cocaine - since at least 5,000 date to 8000 B.C. B.C. When chewed, coca leaves have a stimulant effect that's similar to drinking a cup of coffee. 3400 B.C. 3200 B.C. Sumerian pictographs dated from 3200 B.C. are believed to reference he first documented cultivation of opium stems from I 3,400 B.C., where the opium poppy was grown in southwest Asia. The Sumerians called these poppies "Hul Gil," or the joy plant, due to their intoxicating properties. Over time, the cultivation of the opium poppy spread from Sumeria to the Assyrians, Babylonians and Egyptians, who turned the opium trade into a thriving business. beer production, as well as the beverage's ritual use. 3000 B.C. 2737 B.C. annabis, or marijuana, Chas long been used as a medicinal and intoxicating agent. The first written reference to cannabis comes from a Chinese medical reference, which suggests cannabis as a remedy for malaria, gout and arthritis. umans have been using I Caffeine for thousands of years - it's the most widely used stimulant - and though exact dates are lost in the past, archeological evidence suggests that the Chinese used tea at least as early as 3000 B.C. 2000 B.C. Earliest record of prohibitionist teaching, by an Egyptian priest, who writes to his pupil: "I, 1300 B.C. thy superior, forbid thee to go to the taverns. Thou art degraded like beasts." gyptian traders began taking their opium plants across L the Mediterranean, and the drug quickly spread into Greece, Carthage, and across Europe. For centuries, people used opium for its intoxicant and pain-dulling qualities; in fact, Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, wrote about its many medicinal uses, from narcotic to astringent. 500 B.C. hough it's not certain when cannabis reached Europe, seeds and leaves were found in archeological remains in Germany dating to 500 B.C. 100 B.C. Native peoples used tobacco plant medicinally - as a pain killer and to 350 A.D. dress wounds – and arliest mention of caffeinated I tea, in a Chinese dictionary. ritually from around 100 B.C. THE MIDDLE AGES 400 A.D. TO 1400 400 A.D. pium grows intensely popular in Asia after Alexander the Great brings it along on his journeys through India and Persia. 450 T: he Babylonian Talmud urges people to drink wine to fortify themselves: "Wine is at the head of all medicines; where wine is lacking, drugs are necessary." This is in stark contrast to the talians develop a distillation process that changed the nature of alcohol, making drinks stronger and more pure. Over the next 500 years, alcohol production spread from the Mediterranean to Scotland to Prophet Mohammed, who 150 years later directed his followers to abstain from Eastern Europe - and alcoholism spread right along with it. alcohol. 1100 pium disappears from O documented European history, as the Spanish Inquisition makes all things Eastern taboo. THE AGE OF DISCOVERY 15TH THROUGH 17TH CENTURIES 1400 Average consumption by M: 3 liters 1457 common man: The world's first coffee house, Kiva Han, is up and running in Constantinople. any societies start Lviewing drinking and drunkenness as a major problem. But even as religious leaders blast the practice and many people Spain and Poland of beer a day England -17 pints per week flee to the New World to form dry societies, the common European drinks more than ever. 1493 Danish and Swedish 1 Gallon sailors of beer a day 1525 Paracelsus introduces laudanum, or tincture of opium, into the practice of medicine. he use of tobacco is introduced into Europe by Columbus and his crew returning from America. 1545 S: panish explorers take cannabis along with them, introducing it the indigenous people of what is now Chile. 1578 A Chinese medical text describes the many uses of cannabis, such as an appetite stimulant, treating parasitic infections and curing dysentery. 1600 C: offee makes its way to Europe, with mixed reviews. Italian clergy initially condemn it, but Pope Clement VIII likes it so much that he gives his papal approval. By the middle of the century, more than 300 coffee houses are established in London alone. 1613 John Rolf, the husband of the Indian princess Pocahontas, sends the first shipment of Virginia tobacco from Jamestown to England. 1620 In Russia, Czar Michael Federovitch executes anyone on whom tobacco is found. 1621 1657 he "Anatomy of Melancholy" I recommends cannabis as a treatment for depression. pair of distilleries is established, on Staten Island and in Boston. They give rise to a robust smuggling trade along the East Coast, thanks to heavy English taxes on alcohol production. 1690 1691 In Luneberg, Germany, the penalty for smoking tobacco is death. The "Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of Brandy and Spirits from Corn" is enacted in England. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 18TH CENTURY 1700 Dae utch traders introduce opium smoking to the Chinese. The practice of recreational use explodes, causing the Chinese emperor to outlaw all but medicinal use of opium. Despite the ban, the British East India Company's shipments of opium from India to China increase exponentially. 1717 Liquor licenses in Middlesex (England) are granted only to those who 1736 The Gin Act (England) is enacted with the avowed object of making spirits "come so dear to the consumer that the poor will not be able to launch into excessive use of them." This effort results in general lawbreaking and fails to halt the steady rise in the consumption of even legally produced and sold liquor. "would take oaths of allegiance and of belief in the King's supremacy over the Church" 1770 PLORILLARD Lorillard opens a 1773 tobacco, cigar and snuff Ta company in New York, Tobacco eventually would be used as collateral to secure he revolt against King George's onerous taxes, also known as the Boston Tea Party, heralds the beginning of coffee's popularity in the U.S. Turning down tea becomes a mark of loyalty, and coffee houses soon French funding for the American Revolution. 1775 arge plantations of hemp represent an important Leconomic resource in Kentucky, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina. Near the end of the century, anthropological evidence indicates that several Native American groups used cannabis in conjunction with substances such as peyote in religious rituals. flourish across the colonies. 1785 Benjamin Rush publishes his "Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind". He estimates the annual rate of death due to alcoholism in the United States as "not less than 4000 people" in a population of less than 6 1790 Benjamin Rush persuades his associates at the Philadelphia College of Physicians to send an appeal to Congress to "impose such heavy duties upon all distilled spirits as shall be effective to million. 1792 he first prohibitory laws against opium in China are promulgated. The punishment decreed for keepers of opium shops is strangulation. 'he Whisky Rebellion, a protest by farmers in western Pennsylvania against a federal tax on liquor, breaks out and is put down by overwhelming force sent to the area by George Washington. restrain their intemperate use in the country." 18th century hinese laws on opium distribution tighten, with U punishments for those caught selling the drug including to death by strangulation. By the end of the century, the Chinese emperor bans opium altogether. 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History of Addiction - The Bronze & Iron Ages

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Substance abuse and addiction is not just a modern construct. For centuries, people have struggled with the effects of drugs, alcohol, and other mind-altering substances, including caffeine and tobacc...

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