A Change of Tune: The Evolution of Technology in the Music Industry

A CHANGE OF TUNE: ZEVOLUTIONOF TECHNOLOGY IN THE MUSIC INDUSTRY Music is as old as time, but we've come a long way since drums and wooden flutes. As technology has grown, music production and consumption has seen some amazing new trends, to the point where just about anyone with the time and passion can make music. 1857 Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville patents the Scott's ten-second rendition of phonautograph. "Au Clair de la Lune" 1860 via phonautogram becomes the earliest musical recording and the earliest known recording of the human voice. 1876 Emile Berliner invents the first microphone, which was used by the Bell company in their telephones. 1878 David Edward Hughes invents the first carbon microphone. 1888 Emile Berliner invents the gramophone, which works much like Thomas Edison's phonograph but records on 7-inch discs instead of cylinders. 1901 The 78 record debuts. Named for its rotational speed (78 rotations per minute), the 78 is a flat disc measuring 10 inches wide, though by 1910, 78s become available in 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 21-inch formats. 1906 The Victor Talking Machine Company introduces the Victrola, a phonograph designed to fit in the average home, spelling the end for phonograph cylinders. 1924 Columbia Phonograph experiments with electronic amps Vose and electromagnetic cutting heads to create the first electrical recordings. These offer higher fidelity and add octaves to both sides of the reproducible sound range. 1943 RCA sends the first "V-Discs" to troops abroad. V-Discs were sturdier and made of polyvinyl chloride, eventually replacing fragile shellac resin as the record medium of choice. 1948 Columbia introduces 12-inch vinyl records designed to be played at 33 1/3 (O1O) rpm, creating the first long-play (LP) record. Around the same time, RCA develops a 7-inch vinyl format, which becomes the standard format for singles and jukeboxes. 1963 Phillips Electronics introduces the compact cassette at a Berlin fair, finally creating a standard format for cassette tapes. Cassettes were initially meant for dictation, not hi-fi music, but the cheap price makes it a popular option for consumers. 1966 The 8-track enters the market, becoming the direct competitor to cassettes. The 8-track presents much BILLY JOEL 52 STREET higher sound quality but sacrifices flexibility and convenience, allowing cassettes to come out on top. 1982 Record companies announce uniform standards for compact discs, ensuring compatibility with all CD players. That same year, Billy Joel's "52nd Street" becomes the first album released on compact disc. 1990 The MPEG, Layer-3-or mp3-format is invented. mp3s are a compressed digital file format that allows audio to be real sent easily from computer to audio computer with minor compromise in quality. 1995 RealAudio launches the first streaming audio service, which becomes popular despite subpar audio quality. 1999 18-year-old Shawn Fanning creates the file-sharing program Napster, changing the music (xm) industry and copyright laws forever. 2001 XM Satellite Radio launches. (%) 2002 Sirius Satellite Radio launches. 2003 Apple launches i Tunes,completely changing the digital music market. That same year, employees at eUniverse officially launch Myspace, a social networking platform with an emphasis on music. Some of the artists that gained fame through Myspace: Lily Allen The Arctic Monkeys Owl City Sean Kingston 2004 Beatport is founded in Denver, becoming the leading download store for electronic dance music, offering a catalog featuring over a million tracks. You Tube PANDORA 2005 Youtube launches on Valentine's Day, offering a new medium for artists to share tracks and music videos. In July, Pandora Radio launches as an Internet radio service, applying the Music Genome Project as its backbone for creating custom 2007 Sound designers Alexander Ljung and Eric Wahlforss start Soundcloud.Initially music stations for users. designed as a means to collaborate and share tracks, Soundcloud soon transformed to become its own publishing tool. 2008 Spotify officially launches in October. Spotify now boasts: Over 40 1.5 2011 million After shaky beginnings, Songza relaunches with a mobile app. The service recommends playlists based on the time of day, activity, or user's mood. Each playlist is curated by a team of music active users billion playlists 20 created million songs experts. In the same year, Sirus and XM officially merge to form Sirius XM Radio. 2014 iHeartRadio hosts its first iHeartRadio Music Awards on May 1 in Los Angeles. In June of the same year, the online radio service hit over 50 million registered users, faster than Pandora, Twitter, or Facebook. Why the Change in Format? 1. Vinyl 2. OLIO Cassettes Engineers who already knew how to edit optical film had a much easier time editing cassettes. They were also low cost and easily accessible for both consumers and musicians. 3. CD 4. CDs were convenient, didn't degrade like cassettes, and drew off the growing digital trends. mp3 mp3s made for easier sharing, while the iTunes store and other digital marketplaces made buying and consuming music fast and easy. Today, the more accessible digital formats, combined with loop machines and digital audio workstations, like Pro Tools and Ableton Live, allow anyone to create, produce, and master their own tracks without needing a full band or music studio. 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